弦乐器

julia> c = 'x'
'x': ASCII/Unicode U+0078 (category Ll: Letter, lowercase)

julia> typeof(c)
Char

julia> c = Int('x')
120

julia> typeof(c)
Int64

julia> Char(120)
'x': ASCII/Unicode U+0078 (category Ll: Letter, lowercase)

julia> Char(0x110000)
'\U110000': Unicode U+110000 (category In: Invalid, too high)

julia> isvalid(Char, 0x110000)
false

julia> '\u0'
'\0': ASCII/Unicode U+0000 (category Cc: Other, control)

julia> '\u78'
'x': ASCII/Unicode U+0078 (category Ll: Letter, lowercase)

julia> '\u2200'
'∀': Unicode U+2200 (category Sm: Symbol, math)

julia> '\U10ffff'
'\U10ffff': Unicode U+10FFFF (category Cn: Other, not assigned)

julia> Int('\0')
0

julia> Int('\t')
9

julia> Int('\n')
10

julia> Int('\e')
27

julia> Int('\x7f')
127

julia> Int('\177')
127

julia> 'A' < 'a'
true

julia> 'A' <= 'a' <= 'Z'
false

julia>'A'<='X'<='Z'
真的

朱莉娅>'x'-'a'
23

朱莉娅>'A'+1
'B'：ASCII/Unicode U+0042（类别Lu：字母，大写）

julia> str = "Hello, world.\n"
"Hello, world.\n"

julia> """Contains "quote" characters"""
"Contains \"quote\" characters"

julia> "This is a long \
       line"
"This is a long line"

julia> str[begin]
'H': ASCII/Unicode U+0048 (category Lu: Letter, uppercase)

julia> str[1]
'H': ASCII/Unicode U+0048 (category Lu: Letter, uppercase)

julia> str[6]
',': ASCII/Unicode U+002C (category Po: Punctuation, other)

julia> str[end]
'\n': ASCII/Unicode U+000A (category Cc: Other, control)

julia> str[end-1]
'.': ASCII/Unicode U+002E (category Po: Punctuation, other)

julia> str[end÷2]
' ': ASCII/Unicode U+0020 (category Zs: Separator, space)

julia> str[begin-1]
ERROR: BoundsError: attempt to access 14-codeunit String at index [0]
[...]

julia> str[end+1]
ERROR: BoundsError: attempt to access 14-codeunit String at index [15]
[...]

julia> str[4:9]
"lo, wo"

julia> str[6]
',': ASCII/Unicode U+002C (category Po: Punctuation, other)

julia> str[6:6]
","

julia> str = "long string"
"long string"

julia> substr = SubString(str, 1, 4)
"long"

julia> typeof(substr)
SubString{String}

julia> @views typeof(str[1:4]) # @views converts slices to SubStrings
SubString{String}

julia> s = "\u2200 x \u2203 y"
"∀ x ∃ y"

julia> s[1]
'∀': Unicode U+2200 (category Sm: Symbol, math)

julia> s[2]
ERROR: StringIndexError: invalid index [2], valid nearby indices [1]=>'∀', [4]=>' '
Stacktrace:
[...]

julia> s[3]
ERROR: StringIndexError: invalid index [3], valid nearby indices [1]=>'∀', [4]=>' '
Stacktrace:
[...]

julia> s[4]
' ': ASCII/Unicode U+0020 (category Zs: Separator, space)

julia> s[end-1]
' ': ASCII/Unicode U+0020 (category Zs: Separator, space)

julia> s[end-2]
ERROR: StringIndexError: invalid index [9], valid nearby indices [7]=>'∃', [10]=>' '
Stacktrace:
[...]

julia> s[prevind(s, end, 2)]
'∃': Unicode U+2203 (category Sm: Symbol, math)

julia> s[1:1]
"∀"

julia> s[1:2]
ERROR: StringIndexError: invalid index [2], valid nearby indices [1]=>'∀', [4]=>' '
Stacktrace:
[...]

julia> s[1:4]
"∀ "

julia> for i = firstindex(s):lastindex(s)
           try
               println(s[i])
           catch
               # ignore the index error
           end
       end
∀

x

∃

y

julia> for c in s
           println(c)
       end
∀

x

∃

y

julia> collect(eachindex(s))
7-element Vector{Int64}:
  1
  4
  5
  6
  7
 10
 11

julia> s = "\xc0\xa0\xe2\x88\xe2|"
"\xc0\xa0\xe2\x88\xe2|"

julia> foreach(display, s)
'\xc0\xa0': [overlong] ASCII/Unicode U+0020 (category Zs: Separator, space)
'\xe2\x88': Malformed UTF-8 (category Ma: Malformed, bad data)
'\xe2': Malformed UTF-8 (category Ma: Malformed, bad data)
'|': ASCII/Unicode U+007C (category Sm: Symbol, math)

julia> isvalid.(collect(s))
4-element BitArray{1}:
 0
 0
 0
 1

julia> s2 = "\xf7\xbf\xbf\xbf"
"\U1fffff"

julia> foreach(display, s2)
'\U1fffff': Unicode U+1FFFFF (category In: Invalid, too high)

julia> greet = "Hello"
"Hello"

julia> whom = "world"
"world"

julia> string(greet, ", ", whom, ".\n")
"Hello, world.\n"

julia> a, b = "\xe2\x88", "\x80"
("\xe2\x88", "\x80")

julia> c = string(a, b)
"∀"

julia> collect.([a, b, c])
3-element Vector{Vector{Char}}:
 ['\xe2\x88']
 ['\x80']
 ['∀']

julia> length.([a, b, c])
3-element Vector{Int64}:
 1
 1
 1

julia> greet * ", " * whom * ".\n"
"Hello, world.\n"

julia> greet = "Hello"; whom = "world";

julia> "$greet, $whom.\n"
"Hello, world.\n"

julia> "1 + 2 = $(1 + 2)"
"1 + 2 = 3"

julia> v = [1,2,3]
3-element Vector{Int64}:
 1
 2
 3

julia> "v: $v"
"v: [1, 2, 3]"

julia> c = 'x'
'x': ASCII/Unicode U+0078 (category Ll: Letter, lowercase)

julia> "hi, $c"
"hi, x"

julia> print("I have \$100 in my account.\n")
I have $100 in my account.

julia> str = """
           Hello,
           world.
         """
"  Hello,\n  world.\n"

julia> """    This
         is
           a test"""
"    This\nis\n  a test"

"""hello"""

"""
hello"""

"""

hello"""

julia> """
         Hello,
         world."""
"Hello,\nworld."

julia> """
         Averylong\
         word"""
"Averylongword"

julia> "abracadabra" < "xylophone"
true

julia> "abracadabra" == "xylophone"
false

julia> "Hello, world." != "Goodbye, world."
true

julia> "1 + 2 = 3" == "1 + 2 = $(1 + 2)"
true

julia> findfirst('o', "xylophone")
4

julia> findlast('o', "xylophone")
7

julia> findfirst('z', "xylophone")

julia> findnext('o', "xylophone", 1)
4

julia> findnext('o', "xylophone", 5)
7

julia> findprev('o', "xylophone", 5)
4

julia> findnext('o', "xylophone", 8)

julia> occursin("world", "Hello, world.")
true

julia> occursin("o", "Xylophon")
true

julia> occursin("a", "Xylophon")
false

julia> occursin('o', "Xylophon")
true

julia> repeat(".:Z:.", 10)
".:Z:..:Z:..:Z:..:Z:..:Z:..:Z:..:Z:..:Z:..:Z:..:Z:."

julia> join(["apples", "bananas", "pineapples"], ", ", " and ")
"apples, bananas and pineapples"

julia> re = r"^\s*(?:#|$)"
r"^\s*(?:#|$)"

julia> typeof(re)
Regex

julia> occursin(r"^\s*(?:#|$)", "not a comment")
false

julia> occursin(r"^\s*(?:#|$)", "# a comment")
true

julia> match(r"^\s*(?:#|$)", "not a comment")

julia> match(r"^\s*(?:#|$)", "# a comment")
RegexMatch("#")

m = match(r"^\s*(?:#|$)", line)
if m === nothing
    println("not a comment")
else
    println("blank or comment")
end

julia> m = match(r"^\s*(?:#\s*(.*?)\s*$)", "# a comment ")
RegexMatch("# a comment ", 1="a comment")

julia> m = match(r"[0-9]","aaaa1aaaa2aaaa3",1)
RegexMatch("1")

julia> m = match(r"[0-9]","aaaa1aaaa2aaaa3",6)
RegexMatch("2")

julia>m=匹配（r"[0-9]"，"aaaa1aaaa2aaa3"，11）
RegexMatch("3")

julia> m = match(r"(a|b)(c)?(d)", "acd")
RegexMatch("acd", 1="a", 2="c", 3="d")

julia> m.match
"acd"

julia> m.captures
3-element Vector{Union{Nothing, SubString{String}}}:
 "a"
 "c"
 "d"

julia> m.offset
1

julia> m.offsets
3-element Vector{Int64}:
 1
 2
 3

julia> m = match(r"(a|b)(c)?(d)", "ad")
RegexMatch("ad", 1="a", 2=nothing, 3="d")

julia> m.match
"ad"

julia> m.captures
3-element Vector{Union{Nothing, SubString{String}}}:
 "a"
 nothing
 "d"

julia> m.offset
1

julia> m.offsets
3-element Vector{Int64}:
 1
 0
 2

julia> first, second, third = m; first
"a"

julia> m=match(r"(?<hour>\d+):(?<minute>\d+)","12:45")
RegexMatch("12:45", hour="12", minute="45")

julia> m[:minute]
"45"

julia> m[2]
"45"

julia> replace("first second", r"(\w+) (?<agroup>\w+)" => s"\g<agroup> \1")
"second first"

julia> replace("a", r"." => s"\g<0>1")
"a1"

i   Do case-insensitive pattern matching.

    If locale matching rules are in effect, the case map is taken
    from the current locale for code points less than 255, and
    from Unicode rules for larger code points. However, matches
    that would cross the Unicode rules/non-Unicode rules boundary
    (ords 255/256) will not succeed.

m   Treat string as multiple lines. That is, change "^" and "$"
    from matching the start or end of the string to matching the
    start or end of any line anywhere within the string.

s   Treat string as single line. That is, change "." to match any
    character whatsoever, even a newline, which normally it would
    not match.

    Used together, as r""ms, they let the "." match any character
    whatsoever, while still allowing "^" and "$" to match,
    respectively, just after and just before newlines within the
    string.

x   Tells the regular expression parser to ignore most whitespace
    that is neither backslashed nor within a character class. You
    can use this to break up your regular expression into
    (slightly) more readable parts. The '#' character is also
    treated as a metacharacter introducing a comment, just as in
    ordinary code.

julia> r"a+.*b+.*d$"ism
r"a+.*b+.*d$"ims

julia> match(r"a+.*b+.*d$"ism, "Goodbye,\nOh, angry,\nBad world\n")
RegexMatch("angry,\nBad world")

julia> x = 10
10

julia> r"$x"
r"$x"

julia> "$x"
"10"

julia> r"\x"
r"\x"

julia> "\x"
ERROR: syntax: invalid escape sequence

julia> using Dates

julia> d = Date(1962,7,10)
1962-07-10

julia> regex_d = Regex("Day " * string(day(d)))
r"Day 10"

julia> match(regex_d, "It happened on Day 10")
RegexMatch("Day 10")

julia> name = "Jon"
"Jon"

julia> regex_name = Regex("[\"( ]\\Q$name\\E[\") ]")  # interpolate value of name
r"[\"( ]\QJon\E[\") ]"

julia>匹配（regex_name，"Jon"）
RegexMatch("乔恩")

julia>match(regex_name,"[Jon]")===nothing
真的

julia> b"DATA\xff\u2200"
8-element Base.CodeUnits{UInt8, String}:
 0x44
 0x41
 0x54
 0x41
 0xff
 0xe2
 0x88
 0x80

julia> isvalid("DATA\xff\u2200")
false

julia> x = b"123"
3-element Base.CodeUnits{UInt8, String}:
 0x31
 0x32
 0x33

julia> x[1]
0x31

julia> x[1] = 0x32
ERROR: CanonicalIndexError: setindex! not defined for Base.CodeUnits{UInt8, String}
[...]

julia> Vector{UInt8}(x)
3-element Vector{UInt8}:
 0x31
 0x32
 0x33

julia> b"\xff"
1-element Base.CodeUnits{UInt8, String}:
 0xff

julia> b"\uff"
2-element Base.CodeUnits{UInt8, String}:
 0xc3
 0xbf

if v"0.2" <= VERSION < v"0.3-"
    # do something specific to 0.2 release series
end

julia> println(raw"\\ \\\"")
\\ \"

julia> str = Base.AnnotatedString("hello there",
               [(1:5, :word, :greeting), (7:11, :label, 1)])
"hello there"

julia> length(str)
11

julia> lpad(str, 14)
"   hello there"

julia> typeof(lpad(str, 7))
Base.AnnotatedString{String}

julia> str2 = Base.AnnotatedString(" julia", [(2:6, :face, :magenta)])
" julia"

julia> Base.annotatedstring(str, str2)
"hello there julia"

julia> str * str2 == Base.annotatedstring(str, str2) # *-concatenation still works
true