Double-Sided Synchronizer

Mechanical two-way synchronizer.

blockType: Engee1DMechanical.Clutches.DoubleSidedSynchronizer

Path in the library:

/Physical Modeling/1D Mechanical/Clutches/Double-Sided Synchronizer

Description

Block Double-Sided Synchronizer It is a two-way synchronizer containing two coupled cam clutches, two coupled conical clutches and one lock for translational motion. Unlike conventional synchronizers, two-way synchronizers synchronize and engage gears on both the input and output shafts of the gearbox. Two-way synchronizers can simultaneously engage and disconnect gears on two shafts, which allows you to create more complex gear engagement schemes. Such synchronizers are widely used in heavy commercial vehicles, off-road vehicles, and some high-performance automotive transmissions.

Moving the gearshift lever in the negative direction causes the clutch ring to engage with the hub. . Moving the gearshift lever in the positive direction causes the clutch ring to engage with the hub . When the amount of displacement of the gear lever is less than the gap between the ring and the hub of the bevel clutch, the synchronizer is in the neutral position and does not transmit torque.

double sided synchronizer 1

The diagram shows the two-way synchronizer turned off. In this state, the shafts of the ring ® and the hubs (H_A and H_B) can rotate independently at different speeds. As the gearshift lever (S) moves in the negative direction of the friction surface of the bevel clutch (CC_A) touch and create a moment of friction, which reduces the difference in rotational speeds between the shafts of the ring and the hubs. The teeth of the cam clutch (T) can engage when the translational force acting on the gear lever exceeds the peak locking force (D). The peak locking force must provide sufficient time and normal force to equalize the rotational speeds of the ring shafts and hubs so that the cam clutch can engage. Similarly, moving the gearshift lever in the positive direction allows the friction surfaces of the conical clutch to come into contact. (CC_B) and ensures that the ring shaft engages with the hub shaft (H_B).

double sided synchronizer 2

The model is implemented using two blocks Dog Clutch, two blocks Cone Clutch and one block Translational Detent.

The connections R, HA and HB are non—directional ports belonging to the domain of rotational mechanics, which are a ring ®, a hub (H_A) and the hub (H_B) respectively. The S connection is a non—directional port belonging to the domain of translational mechanics, which is a gearshift knob.

The connections X1 and X2 are output scalar signals that indicate the positions of the gearshift lever of the cam and bevel couplings, respectively. The tables below show the values of X1 and X2 in typical coupling cases.

Condition of the cam clutch X1

Condition of the cam clutch	X1
Turned off	`0`
Fully engaged with the hub	The negative sum of the gap between the ring and the hub and the cam height
Fully engaged with the hub	The positive sum of the gap between the ring and the hub and the cam height

Turned off

0

Fully engaged with the hub

The negative sum of the gap between the ring and the hub and the cam height

Fully engaged with the hub

The positive sum of the gap between the ring and the hub and the cam height

Condition of the conical coupling X2

Condition of the conical coupling	X2
Turned off	`0`
Fully engaged with the hub	The negative value of the gap between the ring and the hub
Fully engaged with the hub	The positive value of the gap between the ring and the hub

Turned off

0

Fully engaged with the hub

The negative value of the gap between the ring and the hub

Fully engaged with the hub

The positive value of the gap between the ring and the hub

The lever positions X1 and X2 correspond to zero when the synchronizer is fully open. When the cam clutch is fully engaged with the hub , the position X1 corresponds to the negative sum of the gap between the ring and the hub and the cam height. When the cam clutch is fully engaged with the hub , the position X1 corresponds to the positive sum of the gap between the ring and the hub and the cam height. When the conical coupling is fully engaged with the hub , position X2 corresponds to a negative clearance value between the ring and the hub. When the conical coupling is fully engaged with the hub , the position X2 corresponds to a positive clearance value between the ring and the hub.

Torque transmission models

You can choose one of the following models of torque transmission.

The approximate model of the friction clutch

If for the parameter Torque transmission model the value is set Friction clutch approximation - Suitable for HIL and linearization The block considers the inclusion of the clutch as a phenomenon of friction between the ring and the hub. This setting is better suited for linearization, fixed-step modeling, and hardware-software modeling. The block uses a composite implementation of the block Fundamental Friction Clutch.

When using this setting, the coupling has three possible configurations: off, on, and locked. In the off state, the contact force between the ring and the hub is zero. This force remains zero until the gearshift lever reaches the minimum position to engage the clutch.

When the cams of the ring and hub overlap exceeds the minimum value for switching on, the contact force between the two components begins to increase linearly with a change in the position of the gear lever .

When fully engaged, the contact force reaches its maximum value, and the coupling switches to a locked state. In this state, the ring and hub rotate as a single unit without slipping. To unlock the clutch, the transmitted torque must exceed the value of the parameter Maximum transmitted torque.

dynamic model with backlash

If for the parameter Torque transmission model the value is set Dynamic with backlash The block simulates phenomena such as backlash, torsional compliance, and contact forces between the ring and hub cams. This model provides higher accuracy than the approximate friction clutch model.

When using this setting, the coupling has two possible configurations: off and on. In the off state, the contact force between the ring and the hub is zero. This force remains zero until the gearshift lever reaches the minimum position to engage the clutch.

When the cams of the ring and hub overlap exceeds the threshold value for switching on, the clutch transmits the torque. This torque is the sum of the torques of the spring and the damper, including the gap between the cams of the ring and the hub, so that

where

— torsional stiffness of the coupling ring hub;
— the relative angle between the ring and the hub relative to the common axis of rotation;
— the gap between the cams of the ring and the hub;
— the relative angular velocity between the ring and the hub. This variable describes the rate of slippage of the two components relative to each other.

Malleable end stops limit the forward movement of the gearshift lever and the ring. The compliance model considers end stops as linear spring-damping systems. The position of the end stops depends on the relative angle and angular velocity between the cams of the ring and the hub:

If the cams are aligned and the relative angular velocity is less than the maximum value for turning on the clutch, then the stop position is determined by the sum of the gap between the ring and the hub when fully turned off and the cam height. The clutch can turn on in this stop position.
If the cams are not aligned or the relative angular velocity exceeds the maximum value for coupling activation, the stop position is set in such a way as to prevent the ring from engaging with the hub. The clutch does not turn on in this stop position.

Translational friction prevents the gearshift lever and the ring from moving. This friction is the sum of the Coulomb and viscous components, so that

where

— the total force of translational friction acting on the gearshift lever and the ring;
— coefficient of kinetic friction between the cams of the ring and the hub;
— vertically directed force between the cams of the ring and the hub;
— the speed of translational movement of the gearshift lever and the ring;
— the threshold value of the translational velocity; below this threshold value, the hyperbolic tangent function smooths the Coulomb friction force to zero when the speed of the gearshift lever and the ring tends to zero;
— the coefficient of viscous damping acting on the gearshift lever and the ring.

modal dynamic model

If for the parameter Torque transmission model the value is set Dynamic modal The block determines the discrete modal behavior of the clutch by reading the position of the gear lever from the non-directional mechanical port S. This setting takes into account the more complex dynamics of the clutch. and it works faster than the settings. Friction clutch approximation - Suitable for HIL and linearization and Dynamic with backlash.

You can use the setting Dynamic modal to simulate clutch locking when the speed difference is too great for the clutch discs to trigger. The block represents the coupling lock as a spring-damping system in which the coefficients of elasticity and damping can be parameterized. The engagement modes overlap, which prevents them from changing until the position of the gear lever goes beyond the engagement overlap area. The area of overlap of the engagement is determined by the parameter Tooth overlap to engage.

dog clutch 2 en

Lever position limitations:

— position of the gearshift lever in port S;
— parameter value Tooth height;
— the value of the Ring hub clearance parameter when disengaged;
— parameter value Tooth overlap to engage;
— parameter value Engagement speed threshold.

Switching mode positions:

— the clutch is completely off;
— the clutch is switched off when the position of the gearshift lever is in the area defined by ; the coupling can switch from the off state to the on state if ;
— the clutch is turned on when located in the area defined by ; the coupling can switch from the on to the off state if ;
— the clutch is fully engaged;
— when located in the area of the engagement overlap, the clutch is activated only when the speed difference is less than the parameter value. .

Thermal modeling

It is possible to simulate the effects of heat flow and temperature changes using an additional non-directional heat port T. By default, this port is hidden. To use it, in the parameter group Cone Clutch set for the parameter Friction model meaning Temperature-dependent friction coefficients or Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients. Then specify the appropriate thermal parameters for the component.

Linearization

To optimize the model for linearization, in the parameter group Dog Clutch use for the parameter Torque transmission model meaning Friction clutch approximation - Suitable for HIL and linearization.

Hardware and software modeling

For optimal simulation performance in the parameter group Dog Clutch use for the parameter Torque transmission model meaning Friction clutch approximation - Suitable for HIL and linearization.

Assumptions and limitations

The model does not take into account inertial effects. To account for inertia, you can add a block Inertia to each port of the synchronizer model.

Ports

Conserving

# T — heat flow
warm

Details

A non-directional heat port connected to the heat flow.

Dependencies

To use this port, in the parameter group Cone Clutch set for the parameter Friction model meaning Temperature-dependent friction coefficients or Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients.

Program usage name

thermal_port

# HA — coupling hub
rotational mechanics

Details

Non-directional mechanical port connected to the hub shaft the couplings.

Program usage name

hub_flange_a

# S — gearshift lever
translational mechanics

Details

A non-directional mechanical port connected to the gearshift lever.

Program usage name

shift_linkage_flange

# R — coupling ring
rotational mechanics

Details

A non-directional mechanical port connected to the coupling ring.

Program usage name

ring_flange

# HB — coupling hub
rotational mechanics

Details

Non-directional mechanical port connected to the hub shaft the couplings.

Program usage name

hub_flange_b

Output

# X1 — position of the gearshift lever of the cam clutch
scalar

Details

The output port of a scalar signal measuring the amount of translational motion of the gearshift lever of the cam clutch.

Data types	`Float64`
Complex numbers support	No

# X2 — the position of the gearshift lever of the conical clutch
scalar

Details

The output port of a scalar signal measuring the amount of translational motion of the gearshift lever of the conical clutch.

Data types	`Float64`
Complex numbers support	No

Parameters

Cone Clutch

# Kinetic friction coefficient vector — vector of sliding friction coefficients

Details

The vector of kinetic friction coefficient values. All values must be greater than zero. The dimension of the vector must match the dimension of the vector Temperature vector.

Dependencies

To use this parameter, set for the parameter Friction model meaning Temperature-dependent friction coefficients.

Default value	`[0.3, 0.28, 0.25]`
Program usage name	`coulomb_friction_coefficient_vector_temperature`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Kinetic friction coefficient vector — vector of sliding friction coefficients

Details

The vector of kinetic friction coefficient values. All values must be greater than zero. The dimension of the vector must match the dimension of the vector Relative velocity vector.

Dependencies

To use this parameter, set for the parameter Friction model meaning Velocity-dependent kinetic friction coefficient.

Default value	`[0.3, 0.22, 0.19]`
Program usage name	`coulomb_friction_coefficient_vector`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Cone half angle — half of the opening angle of the cone
rad | deg | rev | mrad | arcsec | arcmin | gon

Details

Half of the opening angle of the cone .

Units	`rad` \| `deg` \| `rev` \| `mrad` \| `arcsec` \| `arcmin` \| `gon`
Default value	`12.0 deg`
Program usage name	`cone_half_angle`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Static friction coefficient vector — vector of static friction coefficients

Details

A vector of static or peak friction coefficients. The dimension of this vector must match the dimension of the vector Temperature vector. Each value must be greater than the value of the corresponding element in the vector. Kinetic friction coefficient vector.

Dependencies

To use this parameter, set for the parameter Friction model meaning Temperature-dependent friction coefficients or Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients.

Default value	`[0.4, 0.38, 0.36]`
Program usage name	`static_friction_coefficient_vector`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Kinetic friction coefficient — coefficient of sliding friction

Details

Coefficient of kinetic or Coulomb friction. The coefficient must be greater than zero.

Dependencies

To use this parameter, set for the parameter Friction model meaning Fixed kinetic friction coefficient.

Default value	`0.3`
Program usage name	`coulomb_friction_coefficient_const`
Evaluatable	Yes

Details

The vector of temperature values. The values in the vector should increase from left to right. For linear interpolation, specify at least two values for each dimension, and for smooth interpolation, specify at least three.

Dependencies

To use this parameter, set for the parameter Friction model meaning Temperature-dependent friction coefficients or Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients.

Units	`K` \| `degC` \| `degF` \| `degR` \| `deltaK` \| `deltadegC` \| `deltadegF` \| `deltadegR`
Default value	`[280.0, 300.0, 320.0] K`
Program usage name	`friction_coefficient_temperature_vector`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Static friction coefficient — coefficient of static friction

Details

Static or peak value of the coefficient of friction. The static coefficient of friction must be greater than the kinetic coefficient of friction.

Dependencies

To use this parameter, set for the parameter Friction model meaning Fixed kinetic friction coefficient or Velocity-dependent kinetic friction coefficient.

Default value	`0.35`
Program usage name	`static_friction_coefficient_const`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Friction coefficient extrapolation method — the extrapolation method
Linear | Nearest | Error

Details

The method used to extrapolate the reference points in the data table. This method determines the output value when the input value is outside the range specified in the argument list.:

Linear — select this value to obtain a curve with continuous first-order derivatives in the extrapolation region and on the boundary with the interpolation region.
Nearest — Select this value to use an extrapolation that does not rise above the largest value in the data or fall below the smallest value in the data.
Error — select this value to avoid extrapolation when you want the data to be within the range of the table. If the input signal is outside the range of the table, the simulation stops and outputs an error.

For more information about extrapolation algorithms, see the block page. 1-D Lookup Table.

Dependencies

To use this parameter, set for the parameter Friction model meaning Velocity-dependent kinetic friction coefficient, Temperature-dependent friction coefficients or Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients.

Values	`Linear` \| `Nearest` \| `Error`
Default value	`Linear`
Program usage name	`friction_coefficient_extrapolation_type`
Evaluatable	No

Details

The relative speed below which the clutch can lock. The surfaces are fixed if the torque is less than the product of the effective radius, the coefficient of static friction and the applied normal force.

Units	`rad/s` \| `deg/s` \| `rad/min` \| `deg/min` \| `rpm` \| `rps`
Default value	`0.001 rad/s`
Program usage name	`w_slip_threshold`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Contact surface minimum diameter — inner diameter
m | um | mm | cm | km | in | ft | yd | mi | nmi

Details

Inner diameter of the cone .

Units	`m` \| `um` \| `mm` \| `cm` \| `km` \| `in` \| `ft` \| `yd` \| `mi` \| `nmi`
Default value	`100.0 mm`
Program usage name	`inner_diameter`
Evaluatable	Yes

Details

A vector of relative velocity values. The values in the vector should increase from left to right. For linear interpolation, specify at least two values for each dimension, and for smooth interpolation, specify at least three.

Dependencies

To use this parameter, set for the parameter Friction model meaning Velocity-dependent kinetic friction coefficient or Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients.

Units	`rad/s` \| `deg/s` \| `rad/min` \| `deg/min` \| `rpm` \| `rps`
Default value	`[0.0, 100.0, 1000.0] rad/s`
Program usage name	`delta_w_vector`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Contact surface maximum diameter — Outer diameter
m | um | mm | cm | km | in | ft | yd | mi | nmi

Details

Outer diameter of the cone .

Units	`m` \| `um` \| `mm` \| `cm` \| `km` \| `in` \| `ft` \| `yd` \| `mi` \| `nmi`
Default value	`150.0 mm`
Program usage name	`outer_diameter`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Friction coefficient interpolation method — the interpolation method
Linear | Smooth

Details

The method used for interpolation between data table reference points:

Linear — select this value for the lowest computational cost.
Smooth — select this value to get a continuous curve with continuous first-order derivatives.

Dependencies

Values	`Linear` \| `Smooth`
Default value	`Linear`
Program usage name	`friction_coefficient_interpolation_type`
Evaluatable	No

# Friction model — the friction model
Fixed kinetic friction coefficient | Velocity-dependent kinetic friction coefficient | Temperature-dependent friction coefficients | Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients

Details

Parameterization method for modeling the coefficient of sliding friction. The parameters and default values for this parameter depend on the friction model you select for the block. The following options are possible:

Fixed kinetic friction coefficient — a fixed value is set for the sliding friction coefficient.
Velocity-dependent kinetic friction coefficient — the coefficient of sliding friction is determined by an interpolation table based on the values of the relative angular velocity between the discs.
Temperature-dependent friction coefficients — the coefficient of sliding friction is determined by an interpolation table based on temperature values.
Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients — the coefficient of sliding friction is determined by an interpolation table based on the values of temperature and relative angular velocity between the discs.

Values	`Fixed kinetic friction coefficient` \| `Velocity-dependent kinetic friction coefficient` \| `Temperature-dependent friction coefficients` \| `Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients`
Default value	`Fixed kinetic friction coefficient`
Program usage name	`kinetic_friction_coefficient_type`
Evaluatable	No

# Threshold force — the threshold value of the normal contact force
N | nN | uN | mN | kN | MN | GN | dyn | lbf | kgf

Details

The threshold value of the force. The block simulates the normal force only when it exceeds the value of the parameter. Threshold force. Otherwise, the friction torque is not transmitted.

Units	`N` \| `nN` \| `uN` \| `mN` \| `kN` \| `MN` \| `GN` \| `dyn` \| `lbf` \| `kgf`
Default value	`1.0 N`
Program usage name	`F_vertical_threshold`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Kinetic friction coefficient matrix — matrix of sliding friction coefficients

Details

The matrix of kinetic friction coefficient values. All values must be greater than zero. The dimension of the matrix should be (Temperature vector) on (Kinetic friction coefficient vector).

Dependencies

To use this parameter, set for the parameter Friction model meaning Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients.

Default value	`[0.34 0.32 0.3; 0.3 0.28 0.25; 0.25 0.2 0.15]`
Program usage name	`coulomb_friction_coefficient_matrix`
Evaluatable	Yes

Shift Linkage

# Tooth-tooth friction coefficient — coefficient of kinetic friction when the cams come into contact with each other

Details

The coefficient of kinetic friction in the contact zone between the cams of the ring and the hub. This coefficient characterizes the dissipative force that prevents the gearshift lever from moving due to the contact of the cams with each other when the clutch is turned on and off.

Higher coefficient values correspond to greater energy dissipation when the gearshift lever is moved. The value must be greater than zero.

Dependencies

To use this parameter, in the parameter group Cone Clutch set for the parameter Friction model meaning Fixed kinetic friction coefficient or Velocity-dependent kinetic friction coefficient, and in the parameter group Dog Clutch set for the parameter Torque transmission model meaning Dynamic with backlash.

Default value	`0.05`
Program usage name	`tooth_to_tooth_kinetic_friction_coefficient`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Cone clutch ring stop stiffness — rigidity of the annular stop of the conical coupling
N/m | mN/m | kN/m | MN/m | GN/m | kgf/m | lbf/ft | lbf/in

Details

The rigidity of the annular stop on both sides of the conical coupling ring. The model assumes that the ring and the stops behave elastically, and the deformation upon contact is proportional to the applied force and magnitude, the inverse stiffness of the contact.

Units	`N/m` \| `mN/m` \| `kN/m` \| `MN/m` \| `GN/m` \| `kgf/m` \| `lbf/ft` \| `lbf/in`
Default value	`1.0e6 N/m`
Program usage name	`k_cone_clutch`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Static contact speed threshold — threshold value of static contact speed
m/s | mm/s | cm/s | km/s | m/hr | km/hr | in/s | ft/s | mi/s | ft/min | mi/hr | kn

Details

The speed threshold value below which the ring and hub are either fully on and locked, or completely off and locked.

Dependencies

To use this parameter, in the parameter group Dog Clutch set for the parameter Torque transmission model meaning Dynamic modal.

Units	`m/s` \| `mm/s` \| `cm/s` \| `km/s` \| `m/hr` \| `km/hr` \| `in/s` \| `ft/s` \| `mi/s` \| `ft/min` \| `mi/hr` \| `kn`
Default value	`0.1 m/s`
Program usage name	`v_static_contact_threshold`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Engagement block stiffness — the coefficient of rigidity of the engagement lock
N/m | mN/m | kN/m | MN/m | GN/m | kgf/m | lbf/ft | lbf/in

Details

The coefficient of rigidity when locking the engagement.

Dependencies

To use this parameter, in the parameter group Dog Clutch set for the parameter Torque transmission model meaning Dynamic modal.

Units	`N/m` \| `mN/m` \| `kN/m` \| `MN/m` \| `GN/m` \| `kgf/m` \| `lbf/ft` \| `lbf/in`
Default value	`1.0e7 N/m`
Program usage name	`k_engagement`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Engagement block damping — the damping coefficient of the engagement lock
N*s/m | kgf*s/m | lbf*s/ft | lbf*s/in

Details

The damping coefficient when the engagement is blocked.

Dependencies

To use this parameter, in the parameter group Dog Clutch set for the parameter Torque transmission model meaning Dynamic modal.

Units	`Ns/m` \| `kgfs/m` \| `lbfs/ft` \| `lbfs/in`
Default value	`300.0 N*s/m`
Program usage name	`C_engagement`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Viscous friction coefficient — coefficient of viscous friction of the gearshift lever
N*s/m | kgf*s/m | lbf*s/ft | lbf*s/in

Details

The coefficient of viscous friction in the relative translational motion between the hub and the ring. The value of the parameter depends on the condition of the lubricant and the quality of the contacting surfaces. The value of this parameter must be greater than or equal to zero.

Units	`Ns/m` \| `kgfs/m` \| `lbfs/ft` \| `lbfs/in`
Default value	`100.0 N*s/m`
Program usage name	`dog_clutch_translational_viscous_coefficient`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Cone clutch ring stop damping — damping coefficient of the annular stop of the conical coupling
N*s/m | kgf*s/m | lbf*s/ft | lbf*s/in

Details

Damping of translational contact between the ring of the conical coupling and the hub. The amount of damping is inversely proportional to the number of vibrations that occur after contact. The value of this parameter must be greater than zero.

Units	`Ns/m` \| `kgfs/m` \| `lbfs/ft` \| `lbfs/in`
Default value	`1000.0 N*s/m`
Program usage name	`C_cone_clutch`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Ring-hub clearance when cone clutch disengaged — the gap between the ring and the hub in the off state of the conical coupling
m | um | mm | cm | km | in | ft | yd | mi | nmi

Details

The maximum gap between the cams of the ring and the hub along the axis of movement of the gear lever. This gap corresponds to a fully switched-off coupling. The height of the cams and the gap between the ring and the hub in the off state determine the maximum stroke of the gearshift lever. The value of this parameter must be greater than zero.

Units	`m` \| `um` \| `mm` \| `cm` \| `km` \| `in` \| `ft` \| `yd` \| `mi` \| `nmi`
Default value	`3.0 mm`
Program usage name	`cone_clutch_ring_hub_backlash`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Shift linkage engaged friction coefficient — coefficient of friction when switched on
N*s/m | kgf*s/m | lbf*s/ft | lbf*s/in

Details

The coefficient of friction in the gearshift lever when the ring and hub engage. This value represents the friction between the gearshift lever and its support.

Dependencies

To use this parameter, in the parameter group Dog Clutch set for the parameter Torque transmission model meaning Dynamic modal.

Units	`Ns/m` \| `kgfs/m` \| `lbfs/ft` \| `lbfs/in`
Default value	`100.0 N*s/m`
Program usage name	`engaged_viscous_coefficient`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Ring-hub clearance when dog clutch disengaged — the gap between the ring and the hub when the cam clutch is switched off
m | um | mm | cm | km | in | ft | yd | mi | nmi

Details

Units	`m` \| `um` \| `mm` \| `cm` \| `km` \| `in` \| `ft` \| `yd` \| `mi` \| `nmi`
Default value	`5.0 mm`
Program usage name	`dog_clutch_ring_hub_backlash`
Evaluatable	Yes

Details

The relative angular velocity between the ring and the hub, beyond which the clutch cannot be engaged. The value depends on the specific transmission or transmission. Minimizing the value helps to avoid a strong dynamic impact when switching on. The value must be greater than zero.

Dependencies

To use this parameter, set for the parameter Torque transmission model meaning Friction clutch approximation - Suitable for HIL and linearization or Dynamic with backlash.

Units	`rad/s` \| `deg/s` \| `rad/min` \| `deg/min` \| `rpm` \| `rps`
Default value	`Inf rad/s`
Program usage name	`delta_w_threshold`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Tooth overlap to engage — threshold value of cam overlap for coupling activation
m | um | mm | cm | km | in | ft | yd | mi | nmi

Details

The length of the overlap between the cams of the ring and the hub along the common longitudinal axis. The clutch is activated when the cam overlap exceeds this value. The clutch remains off until the cams of the engaging gears overlap by at least this length. The value must be greater than zero.

Units	`m` \| `um` \| `mm` \| `cm` \| `km` \| `in` \| `ft` \| `yd` \| `mi` \| `nmi`
Default value	`3.0 mm`
Program usage name	`overlap_length_threshold`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Tooth height — cam height
m | um | mm | cm | km | in | ft | yd | mi | nmi

Details

The distance between the base and the top of the cam. The cams of the ring and the hub have the same height. The height of the cams and the gap between the ring and the hub in the off state determine the maximum stroke of the gearshift lever. The value of this parameter must be greater than zero.

Units	`m` \| `um` \| `mm` \| `cm` \| `km` \| `in` \| `ft` \| `yd` \| `mi` \| `nmi`
Default value	`10.0 mm`
Program usage name	`tooth_height`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Static contact release force threshold — threshold value of the decoupling force
N | nN | uN | mN | kN | MN | GN | dyn | lbf | kgf

Details

The threshold value of the force at which the ring and hub can be released and disengaged.

Dependencies

To use this parameter, in the parameter group Dog Clutch set for the parameter Torque transmission model meaning Dynamic modal.

Units	`N` \| `nN` \| `uN` \| `mN` \| `kN` \| `MN` \| `GN` \| `dyn` \| `lbf` \| `kgf`
Default value	`0.001 N`
Program usage name	`F_static_contact_release_threshold`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Dog clutch ring stop damping — damping of the cam clutch ring stop
N*s/m | kgf*s/m | lbf*s/ft | lbf*s/in

Details

Damping of the translational contact between the cam clutch ring and the hub. The amount of damping is inversely proportional to the number of vibrations that occur after contact. The value of this parameter must be greater than zero.

Units	`Ns/m` \| `kgfs/m` \| `lbfs/ft` \| `lbfs/in`
Default value	`1000.0 N*s/m`
Program usage name	`C_dog_clutch_hard_stop`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Dog clutch ring stop stiffness — stiffness of the cam clutch ring stop
N/m | mN/m | kN/m | MN/m | GN/m | kgf/m | lbf/ft | lbf/in

Details

The stiffness of the stop on both sides of the cam clutch ring. The model assumes that the ring and the stops behave elastically, and the deformation upon contact is proportional to the applied force and magnitude, the inverse stiffness of the contact. The stiffness value must be set based on the parameter Tooth overlap to engage. Too low a stiffness can cause the deformation to exceed the required overlap and cause false activation. The parameter value must be greater than zero.

Units	`N/m` \| `mN/m` \| `kN/m` \| `MN/m` \| `GN/m` \| `kgf/m` \| `lbf/ft` \| `lbf/in`
Default value	`1.0e6 N/m`
Program usage name	`k_dog_clutch_hard_stop`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Shift linkage disengaged friction coefficient — coefficient of friction in the off state
N*s/m | kgf*s/m | lbf*s/ft | lbf*s/in

Details

The coefficient of friction in the gearshift lever when the ring and hub are uncoupled. This value represents the friction between the gearshift lever and its support.

Dependencies

To use this parameter, in the parameter group Dog Clutch set for the parameter Torque transmission model meaning Dynamic modal.

Units	`Ns/m` \| `kgfs/m` \| `lbfs/ft` \| `lbfs/in`
Default value	`50.0 N*s/m`
Program usage name	`disengaged_viscous_coefficient`
Evaluatable	Yes

Detent

# Notch width — the area of shear force
m | um | mm | cm | km | in | ft | yd | mi | nmi

Details

The width of the area where the shear force occurs.

Units	`m` \| `um` \| `mm` \| `cm` \| `km` \| `in` \| `ft` \| `yd` \| `mi` \| `nmi`
Default value	`3.0 mm`
Program usage name	`notch_width`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Friction velocity threshold — threshold value of the friction velocity
m/s | mm/s | cm/s | km/s | m/hr | km/hr | in/s | ft/s | mi/s | ft/min | mi/hr | kn

Details

The relative velocity required to achieve maximum kinetic friction in the retainer. This parameter ensures the continuity of the force when changing the direction of motion, increasing the numerical stability of the simulation. The parameter value must be greater than zero.

Units	`m/s` \| `mm/s` \| `cm/s` \| `km/s` \| `m/hr` \| `km/hr` \| `in/s` \| `ft/s` \| `mi/s` \| `ft/min` \| `mi/hr` \| `kn`
Default value	`0.05 m/s`
Program usage name	`v_friction_threshold`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Peak force — maximum shear force
N | nN | uN | mN | kN | MN | GN | dyn | lbf | kgf

Details

The maximum shear force generated inside the retainer.

Units	`N` \| `nN` \| `uN` \| `mN` \| `kN` \| `MN` \| `GN` \| `dyn` \| `lbf` \| `kgf`
Default value	`500.0 N`
Program usage name	`F_peak`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Viscous friction coefficient — coefficient of viscous friction of the retainer
N*s/m | kgf*s/m | lbf*s/ft | lbf*s/in

Details

Coefficient of viscous friction on the contact surface of the retainer. The parameter value must be greater than or equal to zero.

Units	`Ns/m` \| `kgfs/m` \| `lbfs/ft` \| `lbfs/in`
Default value	`0.1 N*s/m`
Program usage name	`detent_viscous_coefficient`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Friction to peak force ratio — coefficient of kinetic friction

Details

The ratio of the kinetic friction force to the maximum shear force of the lock. This parameter is used to set the kinetic friction force. The parameter value must be greater than or equal to zero.

Default value	`0.01`
Program usage name	`friction_to_peak_force_ratio`
Evaluatable	Yes

Initial Conditions

# Cone clutch initial shift linkage position — the initial position of the gearshift lever of the conical clutch
m | um | mm | cm | km | in | ft | yd | mi | nmi

Details

The initial position of the gearshift lever of the conical clutch. The parameter limitations are shown in the following table.

Condition of the conical coupling	Parameter Limitation
Conical coupling initially enabled	The negative value of the parameter must be greater than the value Ring-hub clearance when cone clutch disengaged
Conical coupling initially disabled	The negative value of the parameter must be less than the value Ring-hub clearance when cone clutch disengaged
Conical coupling initially enabled	The parameter value must be greater than the value Ring-hub clearance when cone clutch disengaged
Conical coupling initially disabled	The parameter value must be less than Ring-hub clearance when cone clutch disengaged

Condition of the conical coupling

Parameter Limitation

Conical coupling initially enabled

The negative value of the parameter must be greater than the value Ring-hub clearance when cone clutch disengaged

Conical coupling initially disabled

The negative value of the parameter must be less than the value Ring-hub clearance when cone clutch disengaged

Conical coupling initially enabled

The parameter value must be greater than the value Ring-hub clearance when cone clutch disengaged

Conical coupling initially disabled

The parameter value must be less than Ring-hub clearance when cone clutch disengaged

Units	`m` \| `um` \| `mm` \| `cm` \| `km` \| `in` \| `ft` \| `yd` \| `mi` \| `nmi`
Default value	`0.0 mm`
Program usage name	`delta_p_cone_clutch_start`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Dog clutch initial shift linkage position — the initial position of the gearshift lever of the cam clutch
m | um | mm | cm | km | in | ft | yd | mi | nmi

Details

The initial position of the gearshift lever of the cam clutch. The parameter limitations are shown in the following table.

Condition of the cam clutch

Parameter Limitation

Cam clutch initially enabled

The negative parameter value must be greater than the sum of the parameter values. Ring-hub clearance when dog clutch disengaged and Tooth overlap to engage

Cam clutch initially disabled

The negative parameter value must be less than the sum of the parameter values. Ring-hub clearance when dog clutch disengaged and Tooth overlap to engage

Cam clutch initially enabled

The parameter value must be greater than the sum of the parameter values. Ring-hub clearance when dog clutch disengaged and Tooth overlap to engage

Cam clutch initially disabled

The parameter value must be less than the sum of the parameter values. Ring-hub clearance when dog clutch disengaged and Tooth overlap to engage

Units	`m` \| `um` \| `mm` \| `cm` \| `km` \| `in` \| `ft` \| `yd` \| `mi` \| `nmi`
Default value	`0.0 mm`
Program usage name	`delta_p_dog_clutch_start`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Initial dog clutch B ring-hub offset angle — the initial angle of displacement of the ring relative to the hub of the cam clutch
rad | deg | rev | mrad | arcsec | arcmin | gon

Details

The angle of rotation between the ring and the hub at the zero point in the simulation time. This angle determines the possibility of engagement of the ring and hub cams. The initial displacement angle must satisfy these conditions:

If the initial state of the coupling is off, the initial offset angle must be in the range

where — the number of cams of the ring or hub. Both components have the same number of cams.
If the initial state of the coupling is on, the initial offset angle must be in the range

where — the angle of the gap between the cams of the ring and the hub.

Dependencies

Units	`rad` \| `deg` \| `rev` \| `mrad` \| `arcsec` \| `arcmin` \| `gon`
Default value	`0.0 deg`
Program usage name	`delta_phi_dog_clutch_b_start`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Initial state — initial condition of the coupling
Cone clutch A and dog clutch A locked | Cone clutch A locked | All clutches unlocked | Cone clutch B locked | Cone clutch B and dog clutch B locked

Details

The condition of the conical and cam couplings at the beginning of the simulation:

Cone clutch A and dog clutch A locked — conical coupling and the cam clutch the torque is transmitted between the ring and the hub;
Cone clutch A locked — conical coupling transmits the torque between the ring and the hub;
All clutches unlocked — conical and cam couplings transfer zero torque between the ring and the hub;
Cone clutch B locked — conical coupling transmits the torque between the ring and the hub;
Cone clutch B and dog clutch B locked — conical coupling and the cam clutch the torque is transmitted between the ring and the hub.

Values	`Cone clutch A and dog clutch A locked` \| `Cone clutch A locked` \| `All clutches unlocked` \| `Cone clutch B locked` \| `Cone clutch B and dog clutch B locked`
Default value	`All clutches unlocked`
Program usage name	`initial_state`
Evaluatable	No

# Initial dog clutch A ring-hub offset angle — the initial angle of displacement of the ring relative to the hub of the cam clutch
rad | deg | rev | mrad | arcsec | arcmin | gon

Details

If the initial state of the coupling is off, the initial offset angle must be in the range

where — the number of cams of the ring or hub. Both components have the same number of cams.
If the initial state of the coupling is on, the initial offset angle must be in the range

where — the angle of the gap between the cams of the ring and the hub.

Dependencies

Units	`rad` \| `deg` \| `rev` \| `mrad` \| `arcsec` \| `arcmin` \| `gon`
Default value	`0.0 deg`
Program usage name	`delta_phi_dog_clutch_a_start`
Evaluatable	Yes

Thermal Port

Details

The temperature of the component at the beginning of the simulation. The initial temperature changes the efficiency of the component by adjusting the initial engagement or friction losses.

Dependencies

To use this parameter, in the parameter group Cone Clutch set for the parameter Friction model meaning Temperature-dependent friction coefficients or Temperature and velocity-dependent friction coefficients.

Units	`K` \| `degC` \| `degF` \| `degR` \| `deltaK` \| `deltadegC` \| `deltadegF` \| `deltadegR`
Default value	`300.0 K`
Program usage name	`temperature_start`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Thermal mass — heat capacity
J/K | kJ/K

Details

The thermal energy required to change the temperature of a component by one degree. The higher the heat capacity, the more resistant the component is to temperature changes.

Dependencies

Units	`J/K` \| `kJ/K`
Default value	`50.0 kJ/K`
Program usage name	`thermal_mass`
Evaluatable	Yes

Dog Clutch

Details

The coefficient of linear torsional stiffness in the contact zone between the cams of the ring and the hub. This coefficient characterizes the restoring component of the contact force between two pairs of cams. High stiffness values correspond to high contact forces. The value must be greater than zero.

Dependencies

Units	`Nm/rad` \| `mNm/rad` \| `kNm/rad` \| `kgfm/rad` \| `lbfft/rad` \| `Nm/deg` \| `mNm/deg` \| `kNm/deg` \| `kgfm/deg` \| `lbfft/deg` \| `Ws/rad` \| `HP_DIN/rpm` \| `HP_DINs/rad`
Default value	`1.0e7 N*m/rad`
Program usage name	`k_backlash`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Extrapolation method — the extrapolation method
Linear | Nearest | Error

Details

An extrapolation method for determining the output value when the input value is outside the range specified in the argument list.:

Linear — select this value to plot a curve with continuous first-order derivatives in the extrapolation domain and on the boundary with the interpolation domain;
Nearest — select this value to get an extrapolation that does not go beyond the highest point in the data and does not go beyond the lowest point in the data.;
Error — select this value to avoid going into extrapolation mode. If the input signal is outside the tabular range, the simulation stops and returns an error.

For more information about extrapolation algorithms, see the block page. 1-D Lookup Table.

Dependencies

Values	`Linear` \| `Nearest` \| `Error`
Default value	`Linear`
Program usage name	`T_extrapolation_type`
Evaluatable	No

# Number of teeth — number of cams rings or hubs

Details

The total number of cams of the ring or hub. Both components have the same number of cams. This value must be greater than or equal to one.

Dependencies

Default value	`6`
Program usage name	`teeth_count`
Evaluatable	Yes

Details

Dependencies

Units	`K` \| `degC` \| `degF` \| `degR` \| `deltaK` \| `deltadegC` \| `deltadegF` \| `deltadegR`
Default value	`[280.0, 300.0, 320.0] K`
Program usage name	`T_temperature_vector`
Evaluatable	Yes

Details

The minimum rotation speed at which the clutch provides power.

Dependencies

To use this parameter, set for the parameter Torque transmission model meaning Dynamic modal.

Units	`rad/s` \| `deg/s` \| `rad/min` \| `deg/min` \| `rpm` \| `rps`
Default value	`5.0 rpm`
Program usage name	`w_threshold`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Maximum transmitted torque — maximum transmitted torque
N*m | uN*m | mN*m | kN*m | MN*m | GN*m | kgf*m | lbf*in | lbf*ft

Details

The maximum torque that the clutch can transmit. This value corresponds to a non-slip engagement configuration. If the torque transmitted between the ring and the hub exceeds this value, both components begin to slip relative to each other. This torque determines the limit of static friction in the approximation of a friction clutch.

Dependencies

Units	`Nm` \| `uNm` \| `mNm` \| `kNm` \| `MNm` \| `GNm` \| `kgfm` \| `lbfin` \| `lbf*ft`
Default value	`1000.0 N*m`
Program usage name	`T_max_const`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Rotational backlash — backlash during rotation
rad | deg | rev | mrad | arcsec | arcmin | gon

Details

Permissible angular displacement (backlash) between the ring and hub cams when the clutch is engaged. This value must be greater than zero.

Dependencies

Units	`rad` \| `deg` \| `rev` \| `mrad` \| `arcsec` \| `arcmin` \| `gon`
Default value	`10.0 deg`
Program usage name	`delta_phi_backlash`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Clutch teeth mean radius — the average radius of the clutch cams
m | um | mm | cm | km | in | ft | yd | mi | nmi

Details

The distance from the center of the ring or hub to the corresponding center of the cams. The average cam radius determines the normal contact forces between the ring and hub cams, taking into account the torque transmitted between the two components. This value must be greater than zero.

Units	`m` \| `um` \| `mm` \| `cm` \| `km` \| `in` \| `ft` \| `yd` \| `mi` \| `nmi`
Default value	`50.0 mm`
Program usage name	`teeth_mean_radius`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Maximum transmitted torque vector — maximum transmitted torque
N*m | uN*m | mN*m | kN*m | MN*m | GN*m | kgf*m | lbf*in | lbf*ft

Details

The maximum torque that the clutch can transmit. The vector of these values corresponds to a configuration with a non-slip engagement. If the torque transmitted between the ring and the hub exceeds this value, both components begin to slip relative to each other. The vector must have the same number of elements as Temperature vector.

Dependencies

Units	`Nm` \| `uNm` \| `mNm` \| `kNm` \| `MNm` \| `GNm` \| `kgfm` \| `lbfin` \| `lbf*ft`
Default value	`[1000.0, 1050.0, 1000.0] N*m`
Program usage name	`T_max_vector`
Evaluatable	Yes

# Torque transmission model — the model of torque transmission
Friction clutch approximation - Suitable for HIL and linearization | Dynamic with backlash | Dynamic modal

Details

A method for modeling the operation of a cam clutch:

Friction clutch approximation - Suitable for HIL and linearization — composite block implementation Fundamental Friction Clutch medium and high precision. This setting supports thermal modeling. The gearshift lever can be controlled either via a scalar signal or via a non-directional port S.
Dynamic with backlash — A high-precision clutch actuation model that takes into account phenomena such as backlash, torsional compliance, and contact forces between the ring and hub cams.
Dynamic modal — a coupling activation model at the system level that takes into account the impact of engagement lock due to speed differences.

Dependencies

Values	`Friction clutch approximation - Suitable for HIL and linearization` \| `Dynamic with backlash` \| `Dynamic modal`
Default value	`Friction clutch approximation - Suitable for HIL and linearization`
Program usage name	`torque_transmission_model`
Evaluatable	No

# Interpolation method — the interpolation method
Linear | Smooth

Details

An interpolation method for approximating the output value when the input value is between two consecutive grid points:

Linear — Select this value to achieve the best performance.
Smooth — select this value to plot a continuous curve with continuous first-order derivatives.

For more information about interpolation algorithms, see the block page. 1-D Lookup Table.

Dependencies

Values	`Linear` \| `Smooth`
Default value	`Linear`
Program usage name	`T_interpolation_type`
Evaluatable	No

# Torsional damping — torsion damping
N*m*s/rad | mN*m*s/rad | kN*m*s/rad | kgf*m*s/rad | lbf*ft*s/rad

Details

The coefficient of linear damping during torsion in the contact zone between the cams of the ring and the hub. This coefficient characterizes the dissipative component of the contact force between two pairs of cams. Higher damping values correspond to greater energy dissipation upon contact. The value must be greater than zero.

Dependencies

Units	`Nms/rad` \| `mNms/rad` \| `kNms/rad` \| `kgfms/rad` \| `lbffts/rad`
Default value	`100.0 Nms/rad`
Program usage name	`C_backlash`
Evaluatable	Yes